Introduction
Any breakage in one or more of the 33 bones that make up the spine, is known as spinal fracture. In layman’s terms, it can be referred to as a broken back. These fractures can be classified as stable or unstable. This can be determined by knowing whether or not the vertebrae are misaligned. They can also be differentiated based on the location of the damaged vertebrae. For instance, it could be a cervical spine fracture, thoracic spine fracture, and lumbar spine fracture.
Like any other bone fracture, spinal fractures can happen to anyone. This is particularly true for fractures caused by osteoporosis and traumas like accidents, falls, and other injuries. Spinal fractures are more common in women and persons over the age of 50. Most spinal fractures do not need to be fixed surgically. Wearing braces for a few months does the job.
Symptoms
Spinal fractures can lead to severe pain and functional limitations, depending on the severity and location of the injury.
- Sudden pain localized to the site of the fracture.
- Pain that worsens with any kind of movement.
- Numbness or weakness in the legs if nerves are affected.
- Limited motion or stiffness in the back.
- Visible deformity or misalignment of the spine in severe cases.
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance.
- Loss of bladder or bowel control in severe fractures.
Causes
Spinal fractures can result from various traumatic or medical conditions that compromise the integrity of the vertebrae
- Car accidents, falls, or sports injuries that cause sudden impact or force on the spine.
- Weakened bones due to low bone density are caused by osteoporosis, making the spine more prone to fractures, especially in older adults.
- Activities that put too much strain on the spine, leading to stress fractures.
- Certain infections can weaken the spinal bones, increasing the risk of fracture.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Effective management of spinal fractures helps avoid further problems.
- The diagnosis starts with a comprehensive physical examination to assess neurological function, pain, and mobility. Imaging procedures such as CT, MRI, or X-rays are then performed to ascertain the nature and degree of the fracture. If osteoporosis is suspected, testing for bone density may be conducted.
- Treatment: Conservative methods including bed rest, painkillers, and immobilizing back braces may be used, depending on the severity. After recovery, physical therapy is frequently advised to regain strength and mobility.
- While surgery (such as spinal fusion or decompression) may be required for unstable fractures, procedures such as vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty can assist in stabilizing the spine in situations of severe fractures.
Risk Factors
The chance of suffering a spinal fracture can be raised by a number of variables.
- Aging because of a loss in bone density, particularly in women.
- Osteoporosis or other disorders that weaken bones.
- Sports or activities with a high impact that raise the possibility of trauma or falls.
- Prior history of spinal injuries or fractures.
- Corticosteroid use over an extended period of time can weaken bones.
- Inadequate diet deficient in vitamin D and calcium, which are necessary for healthy bones.
- The muscles that support the spine get weaker due to a sedentary lifestyle.